table of contents
Every herb garden should grow rosebay willowherb (or fireweed as it is known) for a splash of colour and a buzz of bees.
Where woodlands are cleared, buildings fall, and fire scorches the earth, so rosebay willowherb will rise like a phoenix from the ashes. This exciting plant also makes a bold, wild edible.
Scientific Name
Family
Onagraceae.
Botanical Description
Tall spikes of purple-red flowers amongst elongated, spear-shaped green leaves characterise this striking plant. The dramatic foliage takes over open ground turning entire landscapes ablaze.
The creeping root structure aids the plant to spread over large patches of ground and the small seed pods hold an abundance of seeds attached to white, fluffy puffs dispersed by the wind.
Status
Perennial. Native.
Habitat
Deciduous woodland, coniferous woodland, cultivated land, dunes & dune slacks, heath, moor, mountain rocks, mountains, riverbanks, roadsides, scrub and walls.
Parts Used for Food
Leaves, shoots, stem, flowers.
Harvest Time
Spring: Leaves, shoots, roots.
Summer: Stem, flowers.
Food Uses of Rosebay Willowherb
For centuries in Russia, rosebay willowherb was fermented to make herbal tea, nicknamed ‘Ivan Chai’ in Britain and Europe. It was eventually replaced by the black and green teas from India and China but is still drunk in some parts of Russia.
The flavour of this fiery-looking plant has been described as mildly sweet like a cucumber or asparagus. The shoots can be cooked like asparagus. The leaves and stems can be lightly boiled or steamed like spinach.
Nutritional Profile
Rosebay willowherb has ninety times more vitamin A and four times more vitamin C than oranges.
Herbal Medicine Uses
Few records exist of the herb’s use in folk medicine in Britain, but it was used in Europe and America, especially for skin complaints, whooping cough in children, asthma and stomach disorders.
In modern herbals, its properties are often listed as astringent, antidiarrhoeic, demulcent (soothing and anti-inflammatory), haemostatic (stops bleeding) and mildly antimicrobial.
Other Uses
Fireweed is such as a good source of nectar that US beekeepers sometimes follow loggers with their hives. Fireweed honey is said to be light-coloured and finely flavoured.
Safety Note
The plant’s tannins might aggravate constipation, gastric ulcers, inflammatory conditions and anaemia. Consult your health advisor before use.
There is little information about the plant’s safety during pregnancy and when breastfeeding.
References
Bartram T. Bartram’s Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine. Marlowe; 1998.
Facciola S. Cornucopia II: A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications; 1998.
Watts D. Dictionary of Plant Lore. Elsevier; 2007.
Rogers R. Fireweed – a treasured medicine of the boreal forest. Disc Phytomed. 2014;1(1):10. doi:10.15562/phytomedicine.2014.16
Adamczak A, Dreger M, Seidler, Wielgus K. Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L.): botany, phytochemistry and traditional uses. A review. Herba Polonica. 2019;65(3):51-63. doi:10.2478/hepo-2019-0018
Kauppinen S, Galambosi B. Fireweed, Roseroot, Bergenia and Chokeberry – Joint Research for Supporting the Herb Production. Natural Resources Institute Finland, Luke; 2016. Accessed June 26, 2020. https://jukuri.luke.fi/handle/10024/537721
Kalle R, Belichenko O, Kuznetsova N, et al. Gaining momentum: Popularization of Epilobium angustifolium as food and recreational tea on the Eastern edge of Europe. Appetite. 2020;150:104638. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104638
Hatfield G. Hatfield’s Herbal: The Secret History of British Plants. Penguin; 2008.
Wyse Jackson P. Ireland’s Generous Nature: The Past and Present Uses of Wild Plants in Ireland. Missouri Botanical Garden Press; 2013.
Jariene E, Lasinskas M, Danilcenko H, et al. Polyphenols, Antioxidant Activity and Volatile Compounds in Fermented Leaves of Medicinal Plant Rosebay Willowherb (Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub). Plants. 2020;9(12):1683. doi:10.3390/plants9121683
Mills SY, Bone K, eds. The Essential Guide to Herbal Safety. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005.
Runyon L. The Essential Wild Food Survival Guide. Wild Food Company; 2007.
Schepetkin IA, Ramstead AG, Kirpotina LN, Voyich JM, Jutila MA, Quinn MT. Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols from Epilobium angustifolium (Fireweed). Phytother Res. 2016;30(8):1287-1297. doi:10.1002/ptr.5648
Olennikov DN, Kirillina CS, Chirikova NK. Water-Soluble Melanoidin Pigment as a New Antioxidant Component of Fermented Willowherb Leaves (Epilobium angustifolium). Antioxidants. 2021;10(8):1300. doi:10.3390/antiox10081300
My grandfather was a locomotive driver for a mining firm in the UK, He called it Railway Flower due to its propensity to grow along the railway lines all around the country.
Yes Railway Flower is what a locomotive driver who was a friend of my grandparents called Rosebay Willowherb .
I remember this as a child along the Railway Banks or any bit of wasteland, cycle path etc, it’s so beautiful, I love tall striking plants. There use to be another plant too, as kids we used to associate it with Snakes, don’t ask me why!
I love seeing this splendid plant, it reminds me of the demolition areas near my junior school in the 1960’s, Us kids would climb the rumble and jump over empty foundations as a way of letting of steam after school. I noticed this wondrous plant then for it’s beautiful colour and whenever I see it it now, it transports me right back.
At the village pond in Latchingdon, Essex I have noticed Rosebay growing very happily with its roots in water. However, we usually see this thriving in arid conditions. This shows how adaptable this plant is. In my block paving, when stressed it can set seed when just a couple of inches high, yet given the chance it will rise several feet. Around the pond, the plant is putting on lots of lush green growth, not yet resorting to flowering. The water level in the pond, however is worryingly low, due to the dry spell that we are in…..
DON’T let it floewer if you are reckless enough to let it grow in the garden. If it seeds you will have it absolutely everywhere before you have time to turn round.
And your neighbours will be furious as it will seed all over their gardens too. I spent ages pulling it out yesterday and there is always more…and I certainly didn’t plant it!
sounds like an opportunity for lots of healthy tea for all the neighbourhood ?!!!
Rosebay is one of the flowers of my childhood . It holds wonderful memories for me. I love it.
I’ve just found a small seedling of this in an old discarded flower pot that now has pride of place near my pond, I’ll happily let it seed and grow tall, it’s great for the bees and butterflies/moths which need all the help they can get, people are being too tidy in their gardens and destroying habits for wildlife which this planet needs to exist!
My father,who was an artist, painted a beautiful picture of rosebay willowherb and ragwort covering a coal slag heap near Bellshill in Lanarkshire Scotland.
Growing up near a railway line in Glasgow I didn’t see many flowers except the wonderful deep pink rosebay and it became part of my inner landscape.
My father died in his early 40s but we spent his last years living in beautiful countryside.
I got acquainted to this plant in Northern British Columbia, we used to add the flowers to salads. They were the closest thing to lemon in a place were lettuce can grow at incredible speed in its long summer days.
Hi excited to try this this year as I was told to not consume this before.
Also and I know this is a different plant but I wondered if there is any similarities with great willow herb? Anyone know if this is also medicinal/edible? ?
I make fireweed tea each year after some Belarusian friends taught me how to do it – it’s a beautiful plant and makes beautiful tea – I recommend it ! I came here to see if there was anything about the associations to Saint Anthony, I can’t seem to find out why !!